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over the city's full record (every month-year with a monitor, low-cost sensor or satellite PM2.5 value, 1980 to the latest month; the current year is partial) of the monthly US AQI: each calendar month averaged over its record years, then the 12 months averaged; each month = max(PM2.5, PM10, O3 8-hour) AQI (EPA-454/B-24-002 breakpoints); per month-year the best available source: government monitors > low-cost sensors > satellite PM2.5 > CAMS model (the month-year's own value: reanalysis EAC4 2003–2022-07, forecasts from 2022-08; before 2003 its 2022–2024 average; where a city has no PM10 monitor, model PM10 is lowered where nearby monitors show it reads high and capped at 5.1 × the month's PM2.5); 2025–2026 data are provisional where agencies have not finalised the","recordYears":{"first":1994,"last":2026,"lastMonth":"2026-10"},"sources":{"epa":"US EPA Air Quality System (government monitors)","eea":"European Environment Agency (government monitors)","lmn":"Luchtmeetnet, Dutch national air-quality network (government monitors not in the EEA file)","naps":"Environment and Climate Change Canada NAPS (government monitors)","jp":"Japan Ministry of the Environment / NIES (government monitors)","th":"Thailand Pollution Control Department (government monitors; ozone from PCD hourly data archived by OpenAQ)","sg":"Singapore National Environment Agency (government monitors)","mx":"Mexico SINAICA (government monitors)","mxoaq":"Mexico SINAICA stations, gaps filled from the OpenAQ archive copy (government monitors)","br":"Brazil MonitorAr / state agencies (government monitors)","cetesb":"CETESB São Paulo state monitors, ozone concentrations recovered from the hourly air-quality index (MonitorAr)","cetesboaq":"CETESB São Paulo state monitors, measured concentrations (via OpenAQ archive, to March 2023)","uk":"UK Defra Automatic Urban and Rural Network (government monitors)","kr":"Korea AirKorea / NIER (government monitors)","tw":"Taiwan Ministry of Environment (government monitors)","au":"Australian state EPAs — NSW, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, ACT (government monitors)","nz":"New Zealand regional councils (government monitors)","rmcab":"Bogotá Air Quality Monitoring Network, RMCAB (government monitors)","ideam":"Colombia IDEAM SISAIRE national air-quality records (government monitors)","apra":"Buenos Aires Environmental Protection Agency, APrA (government monitors, PM10 only)","cn":"China national monitoring network (CNEMC), archived real-time data (quotsoft.net)","cpcb":"India Central Pollution Control Board CAAQMS (government monitors; CPCB data via the india-cpcb-aqi mirror, ODbL)","cpcbo3":"India CPCB monitors, ozone (known to read low in some cities; ODbL)","hkepd":"Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (government monitors)","montevideo":"Intendencia de Montevideo air-quality network (government monitors)","bddoe":"Bangladesh Department of Environment CAMS (government monitors, via CAMS-BD dataset, CC BY 4.0)","genea":"Georgia National Environmental Agency (government monitors)","ciam":"Argentina national environment office CIAM (government monitors, monthly PM10)","borderus":"US EPA monitors across the border, same urban area ≤ 10 km (government monitors)","sinca":"Chile Ministry of the Environment SINCA (government monitors, via OpenAQ archive)","troaq":"Türkiye Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change national air-quality network (government monitors, via OpenAQ, Dec 2016 – Oct 2023)","vnhanoi":"Hanoi Department of Natural Resources and Environment air-quality network (government monitors, via OpenAQ)","saaqis":"South African Air Quality Information System, SAAQIS (government monitors; SAAQIS public reports, gaps filled via OpenAQ)","ead":"Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi air-quality network (government monitors, via OpenAQ)","khmi":"Kosovo Hydrometeorological Institute air-quality network (government monitors, via OpenAQ)","laqn":"London Air Quality Network, Surrey/Sussex borough sites (government monitors, via OpenAQ archive; UK OGL v2)","hungaromet":"HungaroMet Air Quality Network, OLM (government monitors, via OpenAQ archive)","thoaq":"Thailand Pollution Control Department Air4Thai (government monitors, via OpenAQ archive)","senamhi":"Peru SENAMHI Lima network (government monitors, Peru open-data portal)","oefa":"Peru OEFA air-quality vigilance stations, Chimbote area (government monitors in an industrial area; Peru open-data portal, and OEFA real-time data via OpenAQ)","dos":"US State Department embassy monitors, via US EPA AirNow (government monitors)","lowcost":"Low-cost sensors (AirGradient, Clarity, IQAir, PAQI, senstate, sensors.AFRICA, Sensor.Community; via OpenAQ, openAFRICA, sensor.community), Plantower sensors EPA-corrected; used only in months with no government monitor value","satpm":"Satellite-derived PM2.5, WUSTL ACAG V6.GL.03, calibrated to ground monitors (no local monitor)","cams":"Copernicus CAMS atmospheric model (no local monitor)"},"monthlySourceCounts":{"epa":366,"eea":437,"lmn":2,"naps":62,"jp":240,"th":14,"sg":1,"mx":70,"mxoaq":0,"br":33,"cetesb":0,"cetesboaq":18,"uk":56,"kr":72,"tw":19,"au":20,"nz":8,"rmcab":1,"ideam":32,"apra":0,"cn":376,"cpcb":217,"cpcbo3":0,"hkepd":1,"montevideo":1,"bddoe":13,"genea":4,"ciam":0,"borderus":2,"bordermx":0,"borderca":0,"sinca":25,"troaq":9,"vnhanoi":1,"saaqis":15,"ead":0,"khmi":1,"laqn":0,"siata":0,"hungaromet":2,"thoaq":0,"senamhi":1,"oefa":2,"dos":47,"who":0,"lowcost":11,"satpm":3674,"cams":3},"sourceYears":{"satpm":"1998–2024","epa":"1994–2026","cams":"1994–2026","eea":"1998–2026","lowcost":"2024–2026","jp":"1998–2026","au":"1996–2026","nz":"1998–2026","tw":"1997–2026","kr":"2001–2026","th":"2011–2026","thoaq":"2022–2024","sg":"2016–2026","vnhanoi":"2024–2026","naps":"1997–2026","uk":"1998–2026","laqn":"2021–2023","lmn":"2014–2026","sinca":"2016–2026","montevideo":"2014–2025","br":"2022–2025","apra":"2009–2026","mx":"1998–2026","ideam":"2020–2025","saaqis":"2004–2026","hungaromet":"2023–2026","cpcb":"2009–2026","cpcbo3":"2009–2026","dos":"2015–2026","bddoe":"2012–2024","cn":"2014–2026","rmcab":"1998–2026","senamhi":"2015–2026","mxoaq":"2016–2026","borderus":"2005–2026","khmi":"2019–2025","genea":"2019–2026","hkepd":"1998–2026","ciam":"2023–2024","cetesboaq":"2017–2023","cetesb":"2022–2025","siata":"2018–2023","oefa":"2019–2024","troaq":"2022–2023","ead":"2023–2024"},"sourceCities":{"epa":384,"eea":566,"lmn":2,"naps":62,"jp":253,"th":14,"sg":1,"mx":87,"mxoaq":8,"br":38,"cetesb":32,"cetesboaq":35,"uk":59,"kr":72,"tw":19,"au":20,"nz":9,"rmcab":1,"ideam":39,"apra":1,"cn":376,"cpcb":218,"cpcbo3":184,"hkepd":1,"montevideo":1,"bddoe":13,"genea":4,"ciam":2,"borderus":3,"sinca":25,"troaq":10,"vnhanoi":1,"saaqis":15,"ead":2,"khmi":2,"laqn":2,"siata":1,"hungaromet":4,"thoaq":6,"senamhi":1,"oefa":2,"dos":51,"lowcost":24,"satpm":5848,"cams":5838},"cachedAt":"2026-11-09T04:26:37.747Z"}